Feb 28, · Essay, Pages 2 ( words) Views. There are times in everyone’s lives where decisions have to be made. Some decisions are small, some large and some life changing. Whatever type of decision you are faced with there is a process that Essay on Decision Making. Words13 Pages. Decision making can be described as a process of making a decision or decisions, based on choices made amongst two or more competing course of actions. The ‘Decision making’ also requires making a define choice between two or more alternatives course of actions that are available Decision making and problem solving are ongoing processes of evaluating situations or problems, considering alternatives, making choices, and following them up with the necessary actions. Sometimes the decision-making process is extremely short, and mental reflection is essentially instantaneous
Essay on Decision Making - Words | Bartleby
Of all the problems in management, the problem of decision-making is the most difficult. He runs about for advice essay on decision making guidance, for consultations and suggestions and ultimately when he comes to take a decision, essay on decision making, he gets too late and changes his mind.
This is what usually happens with most of us and in most of the cases. But can an organization take decisions the way we take?
Can they keep things pending for long? In business, decisions have got to be quick and on time otherwise the enterprise shall soon be out of its gears. In business we need quick and speedy decisions; in Public administration we need right decisions.
Effective management whether of private or public organization means, in the ultimate analysis, making right and essay on decision making decisions. It is usually seen that even Ministers, when faced with public repercussion, pass the buck to the Cabinet to avoid personal responsibility for their decisions. In fact, responsibility is a burden which most essay on decision making us do not carry well, which most of us are not willing to accept.
But leadership means that decisions must be made and responsibility accepted. Management is impossible without the capacity and the willingness to decide. Millet refers to three aspects which must be considered in order to understand decision-making process. There are differences in the personal qualities of individuals which make some decisive and others indecisive.
Common experience reveals that some individuals are willing to make choices and to abide by the consequences. Others prefer to avoid clear-cut choices, to temporize, to postpone, to hope that somehow, some way circumstances will intervene to make a choice unnecessary.
We do not know now why there should be these differences among individuals or how extensive such differences may be.
Perhaps, these differences among individuals are the result of social and professional environment in which they are nurtured. Opinion is veering round to the acceptance of the premise that intellectuals make no good administrators because they lack the capacity to make decisions.
b He may be non-decisive ultra-careful, ultra-judicial in his examination of a problem, seeing so many aspects of it and so many possible consequences of a particular action that he cannot make up his own mind ; and. Decision-making depends upon the availability of facts and the necessary data.
There are institutional limitations which circumscribe decision-making. On the other hand, there are personal predilections among administrators which also limit decision-making. Decision-making in any large-scale organization is a co-operative effort; it is a collective activity in which all levels in administration participate.
One individual may pronounce the decision, but many contribute to the process of reaching the decision. It is a part of the political system. Although the announcement about a decision may come from a particular individual in the administration, it should be remembered that decisions are not arrived at as quickly and as speedily as lightning makes its frightening sound in the cloudy sky.
Decisions are the product of long deliberations to which many people and agencies participate. It may, however, be mentioned that the top administrator is a person who must have a final say, who must ultimately give the final word. This is because of the fact that in the final analysis, it is he who has to own the burden of responsibility of the consequences of a particular decision.
As he rises up ladder, his functions decrease but his responsibility increases. As it is he alone who can see the enterprise as a whole, the power of final decision-making must rest with him. There are no fixed bases, nor there can be any, for decision-making.
Much depends on the nature of decision to be taken and the nature of agency taking it. Of course, all decisions essay on decision making be taken rationally and not emotionally or impulsively. Seckler-Hudson provides a list of twelve factors which must be considered in decision-making:. We can only lay down one criterion, i. In other words, bias or predilection should not enter in decision-making.
Merits of the case should be the sole basis on which a decision should rest. There are no universally accepted techniques of decision-making except that the problem should be carefully analyzed, studied and investigated before taking a decision on it.
In fact, decision-making is a practical experience and can be learnt by actually taking to it. One cannot learn music by reading literature on music alone. He has to take to practice on the instruments before he is able to produce the melodious notes. Similarly, the techniques of decision-making cannot be learnt by reading literature on the subject alone; it has to be practiced.
Their effectiveness can be measured in terms of their action-orientation and goal-directed behaviour as well as the amount of efficiency with which decisions are taken, essay on decision making. Decisions should ultimately find their utility in implementation. A decision brilliantly conceived may be worthless without effective implementation. It is revealed through a study of decision-making in public or business enterprises that routine takes too much of time with the result that decisions are either avoided or postponed.
They were to communicate to relevant clerks information on the current inventory levels in various warehouses. They were to make any necessary reassignments of warehouses to groups of clerks so as to maintain an approximately equal work load in each group. They were to suggest any other changes in procedure that might be appropriate.
The subjects were told that each of the three jobs was equally important and should be given equal attention. As the work load varied, we observed the proportion of communications dealing with routine activities as opposed to planning activities by the subjects. First, despite instructions to spend only one- third of the time on routine matters, subjects spent a good deal more than that even when the work load was relatively light.
Second, essay on decision making, consistently as the work load increased, subjects spent a small proportion of their total time on planning activities. At peak loads, virtually no planning was evidenced. The second problem of decision-making is which problem should be solved first. It is usually seen that in a large-scale organisation, there are several problems, each looking more urgent than the other. The administrator finds it extremely difficult to determine the priority of these problems.
Sometimes, the problems are very heavy as in the case of planners of our country who have to determine priorities of various demands within the limited resources. Should there be more schools, essay on decision making, hospitals or more industries and projects? These are the problems which not only take much of their time but also create a constant worry in them, essay on decision making. Thirdly, decisions are delayed because of the lengthy procedures and other formalities attached to arriving at a decision.
The whole procedure is circumlocutory and dilatory and it checks quick decisions. Even after all these formalities are complete, essay on decision making, there is no certainty that the decision arrived at is a right decision.
In the words of P. But the right decision must meet a higher test. It must accord with the general interest, the constitutional essay on decision making, and the moral principle. Nothing short of this will do. The problems mentioned above do have some solutions but the problem of bias in decision-making rarely finds solution, essay on decision making. This is because of the nature of bias. Bias is generally invisible; it travels on wings which cannot be seen except when it is openly accepted essay on decision making part of policy by an organisation of agency essay on decision making government.
What is bias? Prejudice is an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed before taking a decision without knowledge essay on decision making reason. Predilection is a mental preference of a favourable predisposition towards a particular issue or matter or person.
Both are irrational and may occur consciously or unconsciously. Bias is conscious or deliberate when an individual or an agency willingly develops it as part of policy; it is unconscious when it develops without the willing response from the individual or essay on decision making. There can develop a general bias also as most of us have developed against the police in our country.
Bias should not be confused with essay on decision making acts such as favouritism, corruption, nepotism, etc. These vices are deliberately developed whereas bias is generally unconscious.
It may also be mentioned here that bias is relative to time and place because it is generally connected with values and traditions. As our values and traditions change, bias also changes. We must admit that the old bias we had against the backward classes is almost disappearing today. It is very difficult to exactly locate bias. Of course, there are certain ways by which we essay on decision making find out, if not exactly, to some extent, essay on decision making a particular authority has acted impartially and without bias.
Third, we have to see whether the act or decision of an authority can be justified before an impartial tribunal or not. Through the application of these tests, we can make some rough estimate as to whether a decision is free or not from bias. Bias can develop on account of many causes; lack of education and training, essay on decision making adherence to rules and regulations leading essay on decision making bias for red-tape, fear of external repercussions to a decision, caste, class, community, religion, language, region, province, group attachments, party affiliations, ideology, profession, value attitudes, etc.
All bias is not bad. It is only the unhealthy bias which is undesirable and should be eliminated. If we are developing a constructive bias, as for example, bias in favour of preferential service to the Jawans or to their widows or bias in favour of backward classes, essay on decision making, it is a healthy bias and need be developed and acquired.
In the field of law, unhealthy bias is eliminated to the extent that principles of justice provide that:. These principles are now well established in administrative adjudication but in pure administration, we have yet to devise these types of principles. In our country too, this clause is getting well established.
It is on account of this fact that rules and regulations are constantly being framed to keep the civil servants free from outside pressures, of pecuniary and non-pecuniary gains so that their actions may not be coloured by unhealthy bias, essay on decision making. It is for the same reason that High Court Judges are not allowed to practice before the same court after their retirement and the Comptroller and Auditor General is not allowed to hold any remunerative post after retirement.
The Universities also provide safeguards against bias of the examiners to the examinees by issuing them confidential answer-books, by refusing appointments as examiners to persons who have any interest in any of the examinees appearing in the same examination.
Before setting the paper, the paper-setter should inform the Registrar by name, if he is the author of a book or booklet on the subject and the standard for which the book can be utilised. Thus every effort is made to eliminate the possibilities of bias entering into decision-making and in the execution of policy.
Writing as Decision-Making - UNC Writing Center
, time: 1:59Decision Making Process Free Essay Example
Decision Making As A Decision. Decision making is something every manager has to deal with in the workplace. It is one of the main components of their job and they need to possess the knowledge to make effective decisions for the organization. Dessler () defines decision making as “the process of developing and analyzing alternatives and making a choice (Dessler, ) Essay on Decision Making. Words13 Pages. Decision making can be described as a process of making a decision or decisions, based on choices made amongst two or more competing course of actions. The ‘Decision making’ also requires making a define choice between two or more alternatives course of actions that are available Oct 07, · Decision Making Scenario Downtown Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, is a leader in data-driven decision making to improve its organizational performance using measures based on the Institute of Medicine’s six “aims for improvement,” in turn promoting growth of the hospital’s reputation and patient encounters over time. As the patient quality and safety analyst, you work closely with many
No comments:
Post a Comment